On the other hand, the mole underground only interferes with the eyes, and they gradually disappear. To catch ants in the depths of the anthill, the anteater has to constantly extend its tongue, and it becomes long and thin. Therefore, their necks become longer, extended. Giraffes have to constantly crank their neck to reach the leaves growing above their heads. First of all, it is the “law of exercise and non-exercise of organs." The most famous of the examples cited by Lamarck was the example of giraffes. To explain this, the scientist formulated several "laws". Improving, organisms are forced to adapt to environmental conditions. " Even after dozens of generations, its movement will not be noticeable. When asked why a person does not notice the constant transformation of one species into another, Lamarck answered as follows: “Suppose that human life lasts no more than one second compared to the life of the universe, in this case not a single person who engages in contemplating the clockwise will see how she gets out of her position. I ask, what experienced zoologist or botanist is not convinced of the solidity of what I just said? Climb up to fish, reptiles, birds, even mammals, and you will see gradual transitions between neighboring species and even genera everywhere. Lamarck consistently applied in his theory the famous Leibniz principle: "Nature does not make leaps." Denying the existence of species, Lamarck referred to his vast experience in taxonomy: “Only one who has long and hard dealt with the identification of species and turned to rich collections can know to what extent species merge with one another. Based on this, Lamarck came to the conclusion that in reality there are no species in nature, there are only individual individuals.
In the living world, a smooth evolution is constantly happening. At the same time, the desire to develop from simple to complex, to move up the "steps" is inherent in all living things. The ciliates are the farthest from humans, the mammals are closest to him. Lamarck distributed all the animals into six steps, levels (or, as he said, “gradations”) according to the complexity of their organization. As a rule, great importance in such theories is given to the influence of “exercise” and “non-exercise” of organs on their evolutionary destinies, since it is assumed that the consequences of an exercise or non-exercise can be inherited. In a broad sense, various evolutionary theories are attributed to Lamarckian ones (mainly that arose in the 19th - first third of the 20th centuries), in which the desire for perfection, inherent in organisms, is considered as the main driving force of evolution (change of species). In this regard, modern "Lamarckism" resembles them only in the most general terms. The views of Lamarck himself are quite difficult to understand, since they are based on a number of concepts of the eighteenth century that are completely uninterpreted within the framework of modern science ( matter originally created by God as a passive principle and nature as order and energy for its implementation the concept of five elements, of which ether plays the most important role, in the form of "thin fluids" circulating in organic bodies the constant spontaneous generation of life, including its complex forms, from inorganic and organic matter denial of the extinction of species c denial of the presence of the nervous system and sexual reproduction in "lower animals", etc.). Lamarckism is an evolutionary concept based on the theory put forward by Jean Baptiste Lamarck at the beginning of the 19th century in the treatise “ Philosophy of Zoology ”.